Development of Radiation Hard Secondary Emission Sampling Modules

Novel Secondary Emission (SE) sampling modules are introduced for high radiation environments. These new technologies could easily be used for the High-Luminosity LHC, future collider experiments, and lepton colliders. In this detector module, the secondary ionization mode was developed from the conventional PMT mode, and the first dynode is used as the active media as opposed to the photocathode. The SE electrons (SEe) are produced at the SE surface when charged hadronic and electromagnetic particles penetrate through an SE sampling module. The SE cathode is mostly made of metal-oxide and higher yield materials. These cathodes are used as secondary emission electrodes in conventional PMTs, which are used as the active media. Here, we report the physics motivation, the technical design of developed secondary emission modules, and characterization measurements of the both SE modes and PMTs.