Jahn-Teller distortion driven magnetic polarons in magnetite

The first known magnetic mineral, magnetite (Fe$_{3}$O$_{4}$), has unusual properties which have fascinated mankind for centuries; it undergoes the Verwey transition at $T_{V} \sim$ 120 K with an abrupt change in structure and electrical conductivity. The mechanism of the Verwey transition however remains contentious. Here we use resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) over a wide temperature range across the Verwey transition to identify and separate out the magnetic excitations derived from nominal Fe$^{2+}$ and Fe$^{3+}$ states. Comparison of the RIXS results with crystal-field multiplet calculations shows that the spin-orbital $dd$ excitons of the Fe$^{2+}$ sites arise from a tetragonal Jahn- Teller active polaronic distortion of the Fe$^{2+}$O$_{6}$ octahedra. These low-energy excitations, which get weakened for temperatures above 350 K but persist at least up to 550 K, are best explained as magnetic polarons.