Spin-Driven Stationary Turbulence in Spinor Bose-Einstein Condensates

We report the observation of stationary turbulence in antiferromagnetic spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates under radio-frequency magnetic field driving. The quadratic Zeeman shift allows magnetic driving to inject energy into the system through spin rotation. The injected energy is then dissipated via dynamic instability, resulting in the development of an irregular spin texture in the condensate. With continuous driving the spinor condensate evolves into a nonequilibrium steady state with characteristic spin turbulence. Despite of complex velocity field appeared in a sample, the lifetime is not significantly affected by magnetic driving. Also, Isotropy is observed when the driving strength is comparable to the interaction of the system and the quadratic Zeeman energy. This research sets the foundation for future studies of quantum turbulence in spinor superfluid systems.